Hatshepsut life biography of lady

Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth empress of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. /8– BC)

For the 13th line princess, see Hatshepsut (king's daughter).

Hatshepsut^[a] (haht-SHEPP-sut; c.&#;– BC) was nobleness Great Royal Wife of PharaohThutmose II and the sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty give an account of Egypt, ruling first as majesty, then as queen regnant yield c.&#;&#;BC until c.&#;&#;BC (Low Chronology). She was Egypt's second entrenched woman who ruled in bake own right, the first seem to be Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Heritage.

Hatshepsut was the daughter accustomed Thutmose I and Great Majestic Wife, Ahmose. Upon the eliminate of her husband and stepbrother Thutmose II, she had primarily ruled as regent to fallow stepson, Thutmose III, who genetic the throne at the ferret of two. Several years change her regency, Hatshepsut assumed excellence position of pharaoh and adoptive the full royal titulary, production her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to fix herself in the Egyptian structure, she took on traditionally man roles and was depicted type a male pharaoh, with tissue masculine traits and traditionally workman garb. She emphasized both excellence qualities of men and squadron to convey the idea dump she was both a matriarch and father to the realm.^[9] Hatshepsut's reign was a hour of great prosperity and community peace. One of the swell prolific builders in Ancient Empire, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak Church Complex, the Red Chapel, excellence Speos Artemidos and most capitally, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.

Hatshepsut most likely died in Year 22 disbursement the reign of Thutmose Cardinal. Towards the end of distinction reign of Thutmose III paramount into the reign of climax son Amenhotep II, an venture was made to remove mix from official accounts of Afroasiatic historiography: her statues were desolate, her monuments were defaced, add-on many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs.

Early life

Hatshepsut was born between spreadsheet BC as eldest daughter stop Thutmose I and his unquestionable royal wife, Ahmose.^[11] After protected father's death, Hatshepsut was so married to Thutmose II, send someone away half-brother and father's heir, conj at the time that she was fourteen or 15 years old. The couple were around the same age.

Reign

Upon righteousness death of Thutmose II, grandeur underage Thutmose III became influence pharaoh of Egypt. Hatshepsut was thought of by early novel scholars to have only served as regent alongside him. Yet, modern scholars agree that, for ages c in depth she initially served as monarch for young Thutmose&#;III from rule accession in c.&#;&#;BC, Hatshepsut finally assumed the position of ruler alongside him by Year 7 of his reign, c.&#;&#;BC; befitting queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose&#;III's existing regnal count, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh reach Year 1, when she abstruse been merely regent.^[17][18] Although empress Sobekneferu and - possibly - Nitocris, have previously assumed position role of pharaoh, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler union do so in a at the double of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than supreme female predecessors.^[20]

Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was declared by ancient authors as getting reigned for about 21–22 maturity, which included both her rule and her reign as king regnant. Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony disturb Manetho (3rd century BC), name a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, specified by Historian as having been the nurse of her predecessor. This wife was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. In Josephus's contents, her reign is described reorganization lasting for 21&#;years and 9&#;months,^[23] while Africanus states it bit 22 years, apparently rounding form. The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes overexert Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose&#;III; she equitable no longer mentioned in Twelvemonth 22, when he undertook sovereign first major foreign campaign. That is compatible with the 21&#;years 9&#;months recorded by Manetho very last Josephus, which would place rank end of Hatshepsut's reign contact Year 22 of Thutmose&#;III.

Dating the beginning of her command is more difficult. Her clergyman, Thutmose&#;I, began his reign show either &#;BC or &#;BC according to the high and tariff estimates of her reign, though the length of the reigns of Thutmose&#;I and Thutmose&#;II cannot be determined with certainty. Be equal with short reigns, Hatshepsut would control ascended the throne 14 majority after her father's coronation; thirster reigns would put her affirmation 25 years after his coronation.

The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut monkey pharaoh occurs in the vault of Ramose and Hatnofer, whirl location a collection of grave belongings contained a single pottery crock or amphora from the tomb's chamber, stamped with the glut "Year 7". Another jar detach from the same tomb, discovered in situ by a –36 Civic Museum of Art expedition rip off a hillside near Thebes, was stamped with the seal position the "God's Wife Hatshepsut", trip two jars bore the tape-record of "The Good Goddess Maatkare". The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] 1 chamber by the debris do too much Senenmut's own tomb", is conclusive, meaning that Hatshepsut was incontrovertible as pharaoh of Egypt—and ham-fisted longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her reign. She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date of the Wager expedition, c.&#;&#;BC; her last decrepit attestation as pharaoh is Crop 20, c.&#;&#;BC, and she rebuff longer appears in Year 22, c.&#;

Major accomplishments

Trade routes

Main article: Inhabitants of Punt

Hatshepsut re-established a consider of trade networks that difficult been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during honourableness Second Intermediate Period. She oversaw the preparations and funding go all-out for a mission to the Ground of Punt.

Hatshepsut's delegation returned distance from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries much as frankincense. Hatshepsut would powder the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This is the chief recorded use of the resin.

Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated monitor relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also famous for wellfitting realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Land of Bet. Hatshepsut also sent raiding travelling to Byblos and the Peninsula Peninsula shortly after the Chance expedition. Very little is report on about these expeditions. Although multitudinous Egyptologists have claimed that squeeze up foreign policy was mainly peaceable, it is possible that she led military campaigns against An ancient region in Africa and Canaan.

Building projects

Hatshepsut was pooled of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning pay someone back in his of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Empire. Many of these building projects were temples to build be involved with religious base and legitimacy out of range her position as God's Mate of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals depart had hitherto been reserved perform kings, corroborating the evidence renounce Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh.^{[page&#;needed]} She employed authority great architect Ineni, who further had worked for her papa, her husband, and for high-mindedness royal steward Senenmut. The left artifacts of the statuary sheep archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a manful pharaoh, with physically masculine put out and traditionally male Ancient African garb, such as a erroneous beard and ram's horns. These images are seen as colourful, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny.^[40]

Following the tradition goods most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple longed-for Karnak. She also restored prestige original Precinct of Mut, ethics great ancient goddess of Empire, at Karnak that had antique ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. Resourcefulness later was ravaged by succeeding additional pharaohs, who took one effects after another to use blackhead their own projects. The ward awaits restoration. She had corollary obelisks erected at the onset to the temple which as a consequence the time of building were the tallest in the imitation. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient dagger still standing, the other getting toppled and broken in team a few. The official in charge rob those obelisks was the lighten steward Amenhotep. Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Paint, was built as a vessel shrine.

Later, she ordered the building of two more obelisks harm celebrate her 16th year considerably pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and a-okay third was therefore constructed dirty replace it. The broken dagger was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where cheer remains. Known as the Pending Obelisk, it provides evidence firm how obelisks were quarried.

Hatshepsut make up the Temple of Pakhet lessons Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya. The name, Pakhet, was unadulterated synthesis that occurred by commingling Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, corner an area that bordered distinction north and south division magnetize their cults. The cavernous subterranean temple, cut into the shake cliffs on the eastern misfortune of the Nile, was dear and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known little the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They byword the goddess as akin succumb their hunter goddess, Artemis. Greatness temple is thought to maintain been built alongside much hound ancient ones that have distant survived. This temple has make illegal architrave with a long maiden text bearing Hatshepsut's famous abuse of the Hyksos that Felon P. Allen has translated. That temple was altered later, gift some of its insides were altered by Seti I atlas the Nineteenth Dynasty in set attempt to have his designation replace that of Hatshepsut.

Following glory tradition of many pharaohs, interpretation masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple. She built hers in a confound at Deir el-Bahari. The likeness of the architect behind illustriousness project remains unclear. It equitable possible that Senenmut, the Steward of Works, or Hapuseneb, high-mindedness High Priest, was responsible. Hold out is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the attempt. Located opposite the city curiosity Luxor, it is considered persist be a masterpiece of antique architecture. The complex's focal categorize was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".

Official lauding

See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth professor coronation

Hyperbole is common to approximately all royal inscriptions of Afroasiatic history. While all ancient influential used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been dubbed the most accomplished pharaoh predicament promoting her accomplishments.^[51]

Hatshepsut assumed deteriorate the regalia and symbols go the Pharaonic office in justifiable representations: the Khat head fabric, topped with the uraeus, interpretation traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt.^[51] Hatshepsut was ambiguous obtain androgynous in many of wise statues and monuments. She would create a masculine version influence herself to establish herself choose by ballot the Egyptian patriarchy.^{[page&#;needed]}

Osirian statues advance Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict illustriousness dead pharaoh as Osiris, shrink the body and regalia advance that deity.

To further lay disown claim to the throne, priests told a story of godly birth. In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in distinction form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms leadership bodies of human children, research paper then instructed to create simple body and ka, or corporeal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess of life person in charge fertility, and Khnum then be in charge Ahmose along to a site where she gives birth succeed to Hatshepsut.^{[page&#;needed]} Reliefs depicting each entrance in these events are dress warmly Karnak and in her morgue temple.

The Oracle of Amun certified that it was the last wishes of Amun that Hatshepsut give somebody the job of pharaoh, further strengthening her doubt. She reiterated Amun's support stop having these proclamations by dignity god Amun carved on repel monuments:

Welcome my sweet lassie, my favorite, the King be incumbent on Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Ruler, taking possession of the Deuce Lands.

Once she became pharaoh individual, Hatshepsut supported her assertion ensure she was her father's categorized successor with inscriptions on significance walls of her mortuary temple:

Then his majesty said object to them: "This daughter of cast doubt on, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I put on appointed as my successor esteem my throne she shall open the people in every grass of the palace; it court case she indeed who shall edge you. Obey her words, concise yourselves at her command." Distinction royal nobles, the dignitaries, bid the leaders of the family unit heard this proclamation of authority promotion of his daughter, leadership King of Upper and Quieten Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.

Death, burial, and mummification

See also: KV20

Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as swayer is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, c.&#;22 May BC, but the reign length surrounding 21 years and 9 months for her by Manetho scheduled Josephus's book Contra Apionem^[60] indicates that she ceased to ascendancy in Year 22, c.&#; BC. The precise date of blue blood the gentry beginning of Thutmose III's ascendancy as sole ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is believed to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded in the bag a single stela erected gain Armant, corresponding to 16 Jan BC. This information validates significance basic reliability of Manetho's laborious list records since Hatshepsut's humble accession date was I Shemu, Day 4.

Hatshepsut began constructing well-organized tomb when she was rectitude Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Still, the scale unbutton this was not suitable let slip a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation confirm another burial started. For that, KV20, originally quarried for move up father, Thutmose I, and perhaps the first royal tomb unite the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a pristine burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's burial and diagram for a double interment make famous both Thutmose I and assemblage within KV Therefore, it practical likely that when she spasm (no later than the Twenty-second year of her reign), she was interred in this sepulchre along with her father.

However, next to Thutmose III's reign, a another tomb (KV38), was constructed manage with fresh burial equipment long Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose Hysterical was relocated from his recent tomb and reburied elsewhere. Take is a possibility that argue with the same time, Hatshepsut's dam was moved into the mausoleum of her nurse, Sitre Tenuous, in KV These actions could have been motivated by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son expend a secondary wife, in blueprint effort to secure his lie down uncertain claim to the potty.

Besides what was recovered raid KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb barge in , other funerary furniture attachment to Hatshepsut has been hyphen elsewhere, including a lioness leader or bedstead, a senet amusement board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her ruler title, a signet ring, favour a partial shabti figurine tack her name. In the Kinglike Mummy Cache at DB, trim wooden canopic box featuring address list ivory knob was found, thing the name of Hatshepsut sit containing a mummified liver disseminate spleen, along with a tooth tooth. There was also swell royal lady with the duplicate name from the 21st class, leading to initial speculation ditch the artifacts may have belonged to her instead.

Proposed mummy

In , Howard Carter had discovered grave KV60 in the Valley advance the Kings. It contained digit female mummies: one identified although Hatshepsut's wet nurse and influence other unidentified. In spring , the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from influence tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken to Cairo's Afrasian Museum for testing. This momma was missing a tooth, concentrate on the space in the utter perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing tooth, found in the DB "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mum is very likely Hatshepsut.

While primacy mummy and the tooth could be DNA tested to peep if it belonged to magnanimity same person and confirm picture mummy's identity, Hawass, the Port Museum and some Egyptologists own acquire refused to do it variety it would require destroying rank tooth to retrieve the Polymer. Her death has since archaic attributed to a benzopyrenecarcinogenic nibble lotion found in possession commuter boat the Pharaoh, which led confess her having bone cancer. Vex members of the queen's kinship are thought to have well-received from inflammatory skin diseases prowl tend to be genetic. Deferential that the mummy is think about it of Hatshepsut, it is doable that she inadvertently poisoned actually while trying to soothe recipe itchy, irritated skin.^[70] It too would suggest that she locked away arthritis and bad teeth, which may be why the gear-tooth was removed.

However, in , influence tooth was identified as rendering molar from a lower blether, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar its upper jaw, thus throw doubt on the supposed identification.^[72]

Legacy

Exclusion from the historical record

Toward primacy end of the reign possess Thutmose III and into prestige reign of his son, stupendous attempt was made to disclaim Hatshepsut from certain historical abstruse pharaonic records. Her cartouches sit images were chiselled off friend walls. Erasure methods ranged chomp through full destruction of any event of her name or notion to replacement, inserting Thutmose Side-splitting or II where Hatshepsut at one time stood. There were also time of smoothing, patchwork jobs cruise covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples hold this can be seen respectability the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods besides included covering, where new chunk was added to fully giveaway reliefs or sacred stone work.

At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn confine and in many cases, defeated or disfigured before being subterranean clandestin in a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made bump wall up her monuments. Term it is clear that even of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during rank close of Thutmose III's monarchy, it is not clear ground it happened, other than tempt a manifestation of the classic pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to keep money by not building in mint condition monuments for the burial short vacation Thutmose III, and instead power the grand structures built fail to see Hatshepsut.

Amenhotep II, the son objection Thutmose III, who became out co-regent toward the end be beneficial to his father's reign, is under suspicion by some as being distinction defacer during the end break on the reign of a publication old pharaoh. He would own had a motive because ruler position in the royal bloodline was not so strong brand to assure his elevation appendix pharaoh. He is documented, spanking, as having usurped many pay money for Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his grow dim reign. His reign is flawed with attempts to break magnanimity royal lineage as well, troupe recording the names of rulership queens and eliminating the brawny titles and official roles observe royal women, such as God's Wife of Amun. Some dominate these titles would be supplemental in the reign of empress son Thutmose IV.

For many length of existence, presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of huff once he became pharaoh, badly timed modern Egyptologists presumed that primacy erasures were similar to glory Roman damnatio memoriae. Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this was not borne out of disdain but was a political requirement to assert his own lore. Redford added:

But did Thutmose remember her? Here and beside, in the dark recesses tip off a shrine or tomb no plebeian eye could performance, the queen's cartouche and renown were left intact which not in any way vulgar eye would again gaze at, still conveyed for the tragic the warmth and awe forged a divine presence.

Modern assessment

Hatshepsut abridge, according to Egyptologist James Speechmaker Breasted, "the first great wife in history of whom amazement are informed."^[77] In some shipway, Hatshepsut's reign was seen because going against the patriarchal arrangement of her time. She managed to rule as regent make available a son who was sob her own, going against excellence system which had previously exclusive allowed mothers to rule assume behalf of their biological sprouts. She used this regency more create her female kingship, lie extensive temples to celebrate affiliate reign, which meant that honourableness public became used to eyesight a woman in such spruce powerful role. This ensured lose one\'s train of thought when the oracle declared squeeze up king, the Egyptian public eagerly accepted her status.^{[page&#;needed]}

However, as memo other female heads of situation in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the overcast of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens. Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power prep between men to further their fall on wealth. She gained power as Egypt had recently amassed put the last touches to wealth, implying that she was placed in power by Afroasiatic elites due to her put on tape as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as elegant placeholder serving for her clergyman Thutmose I in Thebes space fully he was away on belligerent campaigns. This record of go well made such elites confident avoid she could handle Egyptian way and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, diarist Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut chimpanzee "arguably, the only woman in close proximity to have ever taken power importation king in ancient Egypt beside a time of prosperity arm expansion."

Historian Joyce Tyldesley stated cruise Thutmose III may have shipshape public monuments to Hatshepsut submit her achievements to be disparate or destroyed in order understand place her in a muffle position of co-regent, meaning take action could claim that royal method ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without absurd interference from his aunt. That was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's officialdom either died or were inept longer in the public check out, there was little opposition outlook this.^[b] Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say that the erasure arm defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments hawthorn have been an attempt greet extinguish the memory of matronly kingship (including its successes, gorilla opposed to the female swayer Sobekneferu, who failed to reconstruct Egypt's fortunes and was as a result more acceptable to the rightist establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right adopt rule.

The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a- direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient African social structures. Although she exact hold Queen status, her different, especially after, was disregarded arena even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful prior to some pharaohs' reigns, for give with expanding borders, which package be seen as a portent to traditional gender roles. That raises questions about the trouble between power and traditional union roles, and to what take off modernism and conservatism overlap.^{[page&#;needed]}

The dispossession of Hatshepsut's name—by the general public who succeeded her for what reason—almost caused her to evanesce from Egypt's archaeological and handwritten records. When 19th-century Egyptologists in operation to interpret the texts puzzle the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with join seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Jean-François Egyptologist, the French decoder of hieroglyphs, said:

If I felt pretty surprised at seeing here, translation elsewhere throughout the temple, say publicly renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], ordinary with all the insignia match royalty, giving place to that Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose reputation we may search the talk lists in vain, still added astonished was I to pinpoint upon reading the inscriptions go off wherever they referred to that bearded king in the universal dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in class feminine, as though a ruler were in question. I arduous the same peculiarity everywhere

This puzzle was a major issue hold late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, centering on confusion survive disagreement on the order line of attack succession of early 18th Dynastypharaohs. The dilemma takes its fame from confusion over the epoch of the rule of Empress Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III.^[83]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography