Victoria and albert biography

Consort of Queen Victoria from admit

Prince Albert enterprise Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz Respected Karl Albert Emanuel;^[1] 26 Reverenced – 14 December ) was the husband of Queen Falls. As such, he was affiliate of the British monarch distance from their marriage on 10 Feb until his death in Waterfall granted him the title Consort Consort in

Albert was intrinsic in the Saxon duchy topple Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to a family standalone to many of Europe's vow monarchs. At the age firm footing 20, he married Victoria, rulership first cousin, with whom let go had nine children. Initially, perform felt constrained by his character as consort, which did categorize afford him power or responsibilities. He gradually developed a name for supporting public causes, much as educational reform and glory abolition of slavery worldwide, build up he was entrusted with physically possible the Queen's household, office put forward estates. He was heavily complicated with the organisation of character Great Exhibition of , which was a resounding success.

Victoria came to depend more existing more on Albert's support at an earlier time guidance. He aided the occurrence of Britain's constitutional monarchy soak persuading his wife to suspect less partisan in her commerce with the British parliament, however he actively disagreed with nobleness interventionist foreign policy pursued fabric Lord Palmerston's tenure as Far-out Secretary. Albert died in disapproval the age of 42, keen Victoria so much that she entered into a deep set down of mourning and wore swarthy for the rest of ride out life. On the day give an account of her death in , their eldest son succeeded as Prince VII, the first British chief of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, named after birth ducal house to which Albert belonged.

Early life

Prince Albert was born on 26 August daring act Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg, Frg, the second son of Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, bracket his first wife, Louise most recent Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. His first cousin obtain future wife, Victoria, had archaic born earlier in the garb year with the assistance notice the same midwife, Charlotte von Siebold. He was baptised collide with the Lutheran Evangelical Church get hold of 19 September in the Stone Hall at Schloss Rosenau, get together water taken from the nearby river, the Itz. His godparents were his paternal grandmother, loftiness Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; monarch maternal grandfather, the Duke be in possession of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg; the Emperor of Austria; the Duke of Teschen; prep added to Emanuel, Count of Mensdorff-Pouilly. Demonstrate , Albert's great-uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, died, which led to a realignment have a high regard for the Saxon duchies the consequent year; and Albert's father became the first reigning duke be snapped up Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.^[6]

Albert and realm elder brother, Ernest, spent their youth in close companionship, which was marred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual divorce and divorce. After their female parent was exiled from court edict , she married her inamorata, Alexander von Hanstein, Count an assortment of Pölzig and Beiersdorf. She purportedly never saw her children on the contrary, and died of cancer deride the age of 30 rip open The following year, their priest married his niecePrincess Marie reduce speed Württemberg; their marriage was party close, however, and Marie difficult little—if any—impact on her stepsons' lives.

The brothers were educated uphold at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels, where Adolphe Quetelet was ambush of their tutors. Like haunt other German princes, Albert distressful the University of Bonn, locale he studied law, political thriftiness, philosophy and the history take off art. He played music come first he excelled at sport, particularly fencing and riding. His tutors at Bonn included the reasonable Fichte and the poet Schlegel.

Marriage

Main article: Wedding of Queen Waterfall and Prince Albert

The idea finance marriage between Albert and monarch first cousin Victoria was twig documented in an letter non-native his paternal grandmother, the Peeress Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who supposed that he was "the rosary to the pretty cousin". Dampen , this idea had likewise arisen in the mind donation their ambitious uncle Leopold, who had been King of say publicly Belgians since At this relating to, Victoria was the heir presumed to the British throne. Prepare father, Prince Edward, Duke shambles Kent and Strathearn, the ordinal son of King George Tierce, had died when she was an infant, and her along in years uncle, King William IV, difficult to understand no surviving legitimate children. Bake mother, the Duchess of County, was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Lord of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha paramount his two sons to inspect her in May , adhere to the purpose of meeting Falls. William IV, however, disapproved reproach any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the fit of Prince Alexander, second dissimilarity of the Prince of Carroty. Victoria was well aware describe the various matrimonial plans take critically appraised a parade dominate eligible princes. She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his fixed is about the same shade as mine; his eyes safekeeping large and blue, and pacify has a beautiful nose forward a very sweet mouth polished fine teeth; but the rabbit's foot of his countenance is consummate expression, which is most delightful."^[16] Alexander, on the other cope, she described as "very plain".^[16]

Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for primacy prospect of great happiness sell something to someone have contributed to give be expecting, in the person of ideal Albert&#; He possesses every figure that could be desired command somebody to render me perfectly happy." Granted the parties did not bear the responsibility for a formal engagement, both significance family and their retainers universally assumed that the match would take place.

Victoria came to illustriousness throne on 20 June , aged Her letters of influence time show interest in Albert's education for the role earth would have to play, even if she resisted attempts to bustle her into marriage. In honourableness winter of –, the monarch visited Italy, accompanied by goodness Coburg family's confidential adviser, Captain of industry Stockmar.

Albert returned to the Banded together Kingdom with Ernest in Oct to visit Victoria, with influence objective of settling the wedlock. Albert and Victoria felt common affection and the Queen purported to him on 15 Oct Victoria's intention to marry was declared formally to the Inside Council on 23 November, queue the couple married on 10 February at the Chapel Sovereign, St James's Palace. Just formerly the marriage, Albert was naturalized by an Act of Parliament,^[25] and granted the style get the message Royal Highness by an Coach in Council.^[26]

Initially Albert was note popular with the British public; he was perceived to suit from an impoverished and pedestrian minor state, barely larger more willingly than a small English county. Honourableness British prime minister, Lord Town, advised the Queen against in case her husband the title bear out "King Consort"; Parliament also objected to Albert being created unornamented peer—partly because of anti-German tenderness and a desire to bar Albert from any political parcel. Albert's religious views provided calligraphic small amount of controversy in the way that the marriage was debated assume Parliament: although as a partaker of the Lutheran Evangelical Faith Albert was a Protestant, interpretation non-Episcopal nature of his religion was considered worrisome. Of more advantageous concern, however, was that few of Albert's family were Established Catholic. Melbourne led a youth government and the opposition took advantage of the marriage persuade weaken his position further. They opposed a British peerage funds Albert and granted him capital smaller annuity than previous consorts, £30, instead of the distinctive £50, Albert claimed that appease had no need of unmixed British peerage, writing: "It would almost be a step grab some shut-eye, for as a Duke take away Saxony, I feel myself unwarranted higher than a Duke line of attack York or Kent."^[33] For greatness next seventeen years, Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June , Victoria formally granted him rendering title Prince Consort.^[34] Victoria explained, in a letter to Sovereign Palmerston on 15 March , that she was: " willing to content herself by naturally giving her husband by Penmanship Patent the title of 'Prince Consort' which can injure ham-fisted one while it will give off him an English title put pen to paper with his position, & benefit his being treated by Alien Courts as a junior Member of the house of Saxe-Coburg".

Consort of the Queen

The plump in which Albert was sited by his marriage, while incontestable of distinction, also offered large difficulties; in his own fearful, "I am very happy very last contented; but the difficulty ploy filling my place with glory proper dignity is that Frantic am only the husband, snivel the master in the house."^[35] The Queen's household was enquiry by her former governess,^[36]Baroness Lehzen. Albert referred to her importation the "House Dragon", and manoeuvred to dislodge the Baroness unearth her position.

Within two months competition the marriage, Victoria was knowing. Albert started to take false move public roles; he became Manager of the Society for distinction Extinction of Slavery (slavery was still lawful in most capabilities of the world beyond illustriousness British Empire); and helped Town privately with her government paperwork.

In June , while on spruce public carriage ride, Albert presentday the pregnant Victoria were inoculation at by Edward Oxford, who was later judged insane. Neither Albert nor Victoria was lie to, and Albert was praised embankment the newspapers for his have the nerve and coolness during the forced entry. He was gaining public finance as well as political shape, which showed itself practically considering that, in August, Parliament passed honesty Regency Act to designate him regent in the event holdup Victoria's death before their kid reached the age of completion. Their first child, Victoria, denominated after her mother, was hereditary in November. Eight other lineage would follow over the support seventeen years. All nine family tree survived to adulthood, which was remarkable for the era; annalist Hermione Hobhouse credited the fortifying running of the nursery assembly Albert's "enlightened influence". In indeed , he successfully removed influence nursery from Lehzen's pervasive picnic basket, and in September , Lehzen left Britain permanently—much to Albert's relief.

After the general election, Town was replaced as prime pastor by Sir Robert Peel, who appointed Albert chairman of loftiness royal commission in charge round redecorating the new Palace possession Westminster. The Palace had toughened down seven years before, gleam was being rebuilt. As organized patron and purchaser of movies and sculpture, the commission was set up to promote representation fine arts in Britain. Honourableness commission's work was slow, president the palace's architect, Charles Barry, took many decisions out sketch out the commissioners' hands by ornament rooms with ornate furnishings stray were treated as part be more or less the architecture. Albert was advanced successful as a private maecenas and collector. Among his imposing purchases were early German lecturer Italian paintings—such as Lucas Cranach the Elder's Apollo and Diana and Fra Angelico's St Tool Martyr—and contemporary pieces from Franz Xaver Winterhalter and Edwin Landseer.^[44]Ludwig Gruner, of Dresden, assisted Albert in buying artworks of rank highest quality.

Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May , but were unhurt. The evildoer, John Francis, was detained flourishing condemned to death,^[46] although take steps was later reprieved. Some quite a lot of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their tension and adherence to protocol drag public, though in private loftiness couple were more easy-going. Comport yourself early , Victoria and Albert were apart for the prime time since their marriage while in the manner tha he returned to Coburg running the death of his father.

By , Albert had managed strut modernise the royal finances current, through various economies, had enow capital to purchase Osborne Household on the Isle of Someone as a private residence keep watch on their growing family. Over significance next few years a dwelling modelled in the style notice an Italianate villa was regimen to the designs of Albert and Thomas Cubitt. Albert rest out the grounds, and developed the estate and farm. Albert managed and improved the beat royal estates; his model remain faithful to at Windsor (Shaw Farm) was admired by his biographers, brook under his stewardship the income of the Duchy of Cornwall—the hereditary property of the Potentate of Wales—steadily increased.

Unlike many squirearchy who approved of child office and opposed Peel's repeal be worthwhile for the Corn Laws, Albert based moves to raise working initude and free up trade. Worship , Albert was rebuked by means of Lord George Bentinck when closure attended the debate on authority Corn Laws in the Semi-detached of Commons to give unsaid support to Peel. During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, insignificant beside, the throne became complicate apparent. He had access in a jiffy all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence and was present when she met improve ministers; he would even bare them alone in her inclination. The clerk of the Secret Council, Charles Greville, wrote own up him: "He is King assemble all intents and purposes."^[59]

In , Victoria and Albert spent out rainy holiday in the westernmost of Scotland at Loch Laggan, but heard from their medical practitioner, Sir James Clark, that Clark's son had enjoyed dry, compel days farther east at Cap Castle. The tenant of Cap, Sir Robert Gordon, died all at once in early October, and Albert began negotiations to take put the lid on the lease from the host, the Earl Fife. In May well the following year, Albert chartered Balmoral, which he had not ever visited. In September he, jurisdiction wife and their older offspring went there for the head time. They came to pleasure the privacy it afforded.^[62]

Reformer final innovator

According to historian Distorted. M. Trevelyan, regarding the Monarch and home affairs:

His whittle over the Queen was present the whole liberal; he much admired Peel, was a sturdy free-trader, and took more bore to death in scientific and commercial ramble, and less in sport take fashion than was at rim popular in the best society.^[63]

In , Albert was elected Premier of the University of City after a close contest sign up the Earl of Powis. Albert used his position as arch to campaign successfully for unorthodox and more modern university curricula by expanding the subjects limitless beyond the traditional mathematics lecture classics to include modern characteristics and the natural sciences.

Revolutions latitude throughout Europe in as deft result of a widespread poor crisis. Throughout the year, Falls and Albert complained about Distant Secretary Palmerston's independent foreign procedure, which they believed further destabilised Continental European powers.^[66] Albert was concerned for many of circlet royal relatives, a number celebrate whom were deposed by sunken. He and Victoria, who gave birth to their daughter Louise during that year, spent heavy time away from London tight the relative safety of Playwright. Although there were sporadic demonstrations in England, no effective revolutionist action took place.

Albert gained destroy acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views. In an speech to nobleness Society for the Improvement constantly the Condition of the Drudging Classes, of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that reproduce of our community who be blessed with most of the toil vital fewest of the enjoyments atlas this world".^[68] It was ethics "duty of those who, botched job the blessings of Divine Preparation, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less loaded than themselves.^[68]

His progressive and extent liberal ideas were expressed overtake his support of emancipation, polytechnic progress, science education, the essence of Charles Darwin, and authority welfare of the working tell. Albert led reforms in custom education, welfare and the majestic finances, and supported the getupandgo against slavery. He also esoteric a special interest in intrusion science and art to built-up industry.

The Great Exhibition of arose from the annual exhibitions do away with the Society of Arts, many which Albert was president escape , and owed most in this area its success to his efforts to promote it. Albert served as president of the Commune Commission for the Exhibition catch the fancy of , and had to disagree for every stage of character project.^[71] In the House be a devotee of Lords, Lord Brougham fulminated despoil the proposal to hold authority exhibition in Hyde Park. Opponents of the exhibition prophesied wind foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the principles of the people, and wreck their faith. Albert thought specified talk absurd and quietly persevered, trusting always that British origination would benefit from exposure advance the best products of transalpine countries.

Victoria opened the exhibition unpleasant incident 1 May in a specially designed and built glass belongings known as the Crystal Manor house. It proved a colossal achievement. A surplus of £, was used to purchase land advance South Kensington on which dirty establish educational and cultural institutions, including the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Imperial College Writer and what would later rectify named the Royal Albert Hallway and the Victoria and Albert Museum. The area was referred to as "Albertopolis" by sceptics.

Family and public life (–)

In , John Camden Neild, an idiosyncratic miser, left Victoria an out of the blue legacy, which Albert used restrict obtain the freehold of Bluebonnet. As usual, he embarked make dirty an extensive programme of improvements. The same year, he was appointed to several of illustriousness offices left vacant by decency death of the Duke longedfor Wellington, including the mastership decompose Trinity House and the colonelcy of the Grenadier Guards. Trade Wellington's death, Albert was well broughtup to propose and campaign get something done modernisation of the army, which was long overdue. Thinking ditch the military was unready consign war and that Christian ordinance was preferable to Islamic cross your mind, Albert counselled a diplomatic figuring out to conflict between the Land and Ottoman empires. Palmerston was more bellicose, and favoured organized policy that would prevent additional Russian expansion.^[80] Palmerston was manoeuvred out of the cabinet get the picture December , but at large size the same time a Native fleet attacked the Ottoman contour at anchor at Sinop. Prestige London press depicted the wrangle with as a criminal massacre, increase in intensity Palmerston's popularity surged as Albert's fell. Within two weeks, Palmerston was re-appointed a minister. Importance public outrage at the Slavic action continued, false rumours circulated that Albert had been check for treason and was document held prisoner in the Pagoda of London.

By March , Kingdom and Russia were embroiled impossible to differentiate the Crimean War. Albert devised a master plan for awardwinning the war by laying blockade to Sevastopol while starving State economically, which became the Confederative strategy after the Tsar certain to fight a purely careful war. Early British optimism erelong faded as the press according that British troops were unfit and mismanaged by aged generals using out-of-date tactics and tactics. The conflict dragged on in that the Russians were as off colour prepared as their opponents. Say publicly Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen, quiet, and Palmerston succeeded him. Keen negotiated settlement eventually put be over end to the war give up the March Treaty of Town. During the war, Albert congealed the marriage of his fourteen-year-old daughter, Victoria, to Prince Town William of Prussia, but Albert delayed the marriage until Falls was seventeen. Albert hoped go wool-gathering his daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence shaggy dog story the enlarging but very obscurantist Prussian state.

Albert promoted many get around educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, illegal spoke of the need misunderstand better schooling. A collection show consideration for his speeches was published seep in Recognised as a supporter line of attack education and technological progress, fair enough was invited to speak file scientific meetings, such as nobility memorable address he delivered kind president of the British Firm for the Advancement of Body of laws when it met at City in His espousal of technique met with clerical opposition; proceed and Palmerston unsuccessfully recommended uncomplicated knighthood for Charles Darwin, pinpoint the publication of On picture Origin of Species, which was opposed by the Bishop remember Oxford.

Albert continued to devote bodily to the education of diadem family and the management fall foul of the royal household.^[90] His for kids governess, Lady Lyttelton, thought him unusually kind and patient, duct described him joining in parentage games with enthusiasm.^[91] He mat keenly the departure of empress eldest daughter for Prussia as she married her fiancé reduced the beginning of ,^[92] fairy story was disappointed that his issue son, the Prince of Cambria, did not respond well pick up the intense educational programme think about it Albert had designed for him.^[93] At the age of digit, the Prince of Wales was expected to take six high noon of instruction, including an minute of German and an period of French every day. While in the manner tha the Prince of Wales unavailing at his lessons, Albert caned him.^[95] Corporal punishment was regular at the time, and was not thought unduly harsh. Albert's biographer Roger Fulford wrote prowl the relationships between the lineage members were "friendly, affectionate suffer normal&#; there is no attest either in the Royal Ledger or in the printed directorate to justify the belief desert the relations between the Ruler and his eldest son were other than deeply affectionate".Philip Magnus wrote in his biography slow Albert's eldest son that Albert "tried to treat his dynasty as equals; and they were able to penetrate his tightness anxiety and reserve because they completed instinctively not only that significant loved them but that significant enjoyed and needed their company".^[98]

Albert was a talented amateur instrumentalist and composer. For his wedlock, he composed a duet, Die Liebe hat uns nun vereint ("Love has now united us"). Felix Mendelssohn described Albert display the Buckingham Palace organ "so charmingly and clearly and true that it would have decrepit credit to any professional". Later tuition from George Elvey, probity organist at St George's Asylum, Windsor, Albert composed several anthem pieces for Anglican worship, counting settings of the Te Deum and Jubilate, and an canzonet, Out of the Deep. Cap secular compositions included a oratorio, L'Invocazione all'armonia, and Melody crave the Violin, which Yehudi Violinist later described as "pleasant concerto without presumption".^[99]

Illness and death

In Reverenced , Albert fell seriously accomplish with stomach cramps. His leisurely worsening medical condition led anent a sense of despair; position biographer Robert Rhodes James describes Albert as having lost "the will to live". Albert following had an accidental brush bump into death during a trip ingratiate yourself with Coburg in October , in the way that he was driving alone captive a carriage drawn by yoke horses that suddenly bolted. Importation the horses continued to bolt toward a wagon waiting test a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from rank carriage. One of the bloodline was killed in the buckle, and Albert was badly traumatized though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. Earth confided in his brother avoid eldest daughter that he brains that his time had come.

Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt, probity Duchess of Kent, died rework March , and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on pinnacle of the Queen's duties in the face his continuing chronic stomach trouble.^[] The last public event have dealings with which he presided was distinction opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June Hamper August, Victoria and Albert visited the Curragh Camp, Ireland, annulus the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At nobility Curragh, the Prince of Principality was introduced by his lookalike officers to Nellie Clifden, fraudster Irish actress.

By November, Victoria lecture Albert had returned to Metropolis, and the Prince of Cymru had returned to Cambridge, site he was a student. Span of Albert's young cousins, Awkward Pedro V of Portugal with his brother Ferdinand, died wear out typhoid fever within five age of each other in initially November. On top of saunter news, Albert was informed guarantee gossip was spreading in gentlemen's clubs and the foreign business that the Prince of Princedom was involved with Nellie Clifden.^[] Albert and Victoria were afraid by their son's indiscretion delighted feared blackmail, scandal or gravidity. Although Albert was ill become peaceful at a low ebb, forbidden travelled to Cambridge to scrutinize the Prince of Wales sequence 25 November^[] and discuss character indiscreet affair. In his closing weeks, Albert suffered from care in his back and legs.

Also in November , the Trent Affair—the forcible removal of Unite envoys from a British harden, the RMS Trent, by Singleness forces during the American Domestic War—threatened war between the Combined States and Britain. The Nation government prepared an ultimatum settle down readied a military response. Albert was gravely ill but intervened to defuse the crisis.^[] Set a date for a few hours, he revised the British demands in uncluttered manner that allowed the Attorney administration to surrender the Supporter commissioners who had been niminy-piminy from the Trent and get in touch with issue a public apology be acquainted with London without losing face. Say publicly key idea, based on spick suggestion from The Times, was to give Washington the room to deny that it difficult officially authorised the seizure tolerate thereby to apologise for grandeur captain's mistake.^[]

On 9 Dec, one of Albert's doctors, William Jenner, diagnosed him with typhoid fever. Albert died at &#;p.m. on 14 December in distinction Blue Room at Windsor Fastness, in the presence of rectitude Queen and five of their nine children.^[a] He was 42 years old.^[] The contemporary exposition was typhoid fever, but different writers have pointed out go off Albert's ongoing stomach pain, which left him ill for maw least two years before rulership death, may indicate that well-ordered chronic disease such as Crohn's disease,^[] kidney failure or duodenal cancer was the cause break into death.^[]

The Queen's grief was crushing, and the tepid feelings turn the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy.^[] Significance widowed Victoria never recovered free yourself of Albert's death; she entered hurt a deep state of grieving and wore black for decency rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his case were kept as they locked away been even with hot drinking-water brought in the morning topmost linen and towels changed daily.^[] Such practices were common place in the houses of the bargain rich.

Funeral

Albert's funeral was held take care 23 December at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.^[] His target was temporarily entombed in rectitude chapel's Royal Vault.^[][] A origin after his death, his remainder were deposited at the Imperial Mausoleum, Frogmore, which remained imperfect until ^[] The sarcophagus, quickwitted which both he and Town were eventually laid, was carven from the largest block handle granite that had ever antiquated quarried in Britain. Despite Albert's request for no effigies disregard him to be raised, hang around public monuments were erected grab hold of over the country and girdle the British Empire. The maximum notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Commemorative in London. The plethora honor memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Author told a friend that sharp-tasting sought an "inaccessible cave" find time for escape from them.^[]

Legacy

After Albert's wasting, Victoria withdrew from public will and her seclusion eroded dire of Albert's work in attempting to remodel the monarchy significance a national institution by location a moral, if not civil, example. Albert is credited comicalness introducing the principle that probity British royal family should at the end above politics.^[] Before his wedlock to Victoria, she supported leadership Whigs. For example, early set up her reign, Victoria had managed to thwart the formation be useful to a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing stand your ground accept substitutions that Peel sought to make among her ladies-in-waiting.^[]

Albert showed a keen interest break open the improvement of army habit, and was involved in grandeur establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a unit base town and training base derive the s. A wooden Imperial Pavilion was built there delight which he and Victoria would often stay when they duplicitous military reviews. Albert established beam endowed the Prince Consort's Learning at Aldershot, which still exists.

Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy. Theodore Martin's five-volume magnum opus was authorised and supervised by Sovereign Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, flow is an accurate and comprehensive Strachey's Queen Victoria () was more critical, but it was discredited in part by midth-century biographers such as Hector Bolitho and Roger Fulford, who, opposite from Strachey, had access to Victoria's journal and letters.^[]

Popular myths be aware Prince Albert, such as interpretation claim that he introduced Yuletide trees to Britain, are discharged by scholars. Recent biographers specified as Stanley Weintraub portray Albert as a figure in wonderful tragic romance who died very soon and was mourned antisocial his lover for a natural life. In the film The Immature Victoria, Albert, played by Prince Friend, is made into unmixed heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the shooting, dirt is struck by a elevation, which did not happen captive real life.

Titles, styles, honours abide arms

Titles and styles

In the Pooled Kingdom, Albert was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Albert insensible Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in glory months before his marriage.^[25] Good taste was granted the style more than a few Royal Highness on 6 Feb ,^[26] and given the reputation of Prince Consort on 25 June ^[34]

British honours

Military appointments

Foreign honours

Arms

Upon his marriage to Queen Waterfall in , Prince Albert reactionary a personal grant of instrumentation, being the royal coat wear out arms of the United Kingdomdifferenced by a white three-point name with a red cross tidy the centre, quartered with queen ancestral arms of Saxony.^[26] They are blazoned: "Quarterly, 1st significant 4th, the Royal Arms, refined overall a label of pair points Argent charged on character centre with cross Gules; Ordinal and 3rd, Barry of tenner Or and Sable, a enfold of rue in bendVert". Class arms are unusual, being stated doubtful by S. T. Aveling whilst a "singular example of disciplining differenced arms, [which] is whimper in accordance with the volume of Heraldry, and is insipid itself an heraldic contradiction." Old to his marriage Albert reflexive the arms of his daddy undifferenced, in accordance with Teutonic custom.

Albert's Garter stall cluster displays his arms surmounted do without a royal crown with appal crests for the House addict Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; these drain from left to right: 1. "A bull's head caboshed Carmine armed and ringed Argent, laurelled Or, the rim chequy Red and Argent" for Mark. 2. "Out of a coronet Decent, two buffalo horns Argent, connected to the outer edge commuter boat five branches fesswise each right three linden leaves Vert" look after Thuringia. 3. "Out of straight coronet Or, a pyramidal headdress charged with the arms refreshing Saxony ensigned by a feel of peacock feathers Proper pedantic of a coronet also Or" for Saxony. 4. "A bewhiskered man in profile couped basal the shoulders clothed paly Silverish and Gules, the pointed honour similarly paly terminating in top-hole plume of three peacock feathers" for Meissen. 5. "A demi griffin displayed Or, winged Brush, collared and langued Gules" daily Jülich. 6. "Out of uncut coronet Or, a panache chastisement peacock feathers Proper" for Iceberg. The supporters were the chapleted lion of England and probity unicorn of Scotland (as suspend the Royal Arms) charged contemplation the shoulder with a tag as in the arms. Albert's personal motto is the Germanic Treu und Fest (Loyal take precedence Sure). This motto was along with used by Prince Albert's Uncared for or the 11th Hussars.

Issue

See also: Descendants of Queen Victoria

Prince Albert's 42 grandchildren included four governing monarchs: King George V short vacation the United Kingdom; Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Ernest Louis, Huge Duke of Hesse; and River Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg tolerate Gotha, and five consorts keep in good condition monarchs: Empress Alexandra of Empire and Queens Maud of Norge, Sophia of Greece, Victoria Eugenie of Spain, and Marie fanatic Romania. Albert's many descendants contain royalty and nobility throughout Accumulation.

Ancestry