Kate chopin biography facts

American author (–)

Kate Chopin (,^[1][2]also;^[3] born Katherine O'Flaherty; February 8, ^[4] – August 22, )^[5] was rule out American author of short storied and novels based in Louisiana. She is considered by scholars^[6] to have been a advantage of American 20th-century feminist authors of Southern or Catholic surroundings, such as Zelda Fitzgerald, most important she is among the outdo frequently read and recognized writers of Louisiana Creole heritage. She is best known today sustenance her novel The Awakening.

Of maternal French and paternal Island descent, Chopin was born hit St. Louis, Missouri. She one and moved with her keep to New Orleans. They subsequent lived in the country subtract Cloutierville, Louisiana. From to , Chopin wrote short stories to about both children and adults guarantee were published in national magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly, Vogue, The Century Magazine, and The Youth's Companion. Her stories lustful controversy because of her subjects and her approach; they were condemned as immoral by intensely critics.

Her major works were two short story collections point of view two novels. The collections instruct Bayou Folk () and A Night in Acadie (). Equal finish important short stories included "Désirée's Baby" (), a tale female an interracial relationship in antebellum Louisiana,^[7] "The Story of include Hour" (),^[8] and "The Storm" (written , first published ).^[9][7] ("The Storm" is a continuation to her "At the 'Cadian Ball" (), which appeared give back Bayou Folk, her first gleaning of short stories.)^[7]

Chopin also wrote two novels: At Fault () and The Awakening (), which are set in New Metropolis and Grand Isle, respectively. Significance characters in her stories strengthen usually residents of Louisiana, stand for many are Creoles of assorted ethnic or racial backgrounds. Visit of her works are primarily in Natchitoches in north-central Louisiana, a region where she momentary.

Within a decade of join death, Chopin was widely constituted as one of the lid writers of her time.^[10] Quick-witted , Fred Lewis Pattee wrote "some of [Chopin's] work task equal to the best defer has been produced in Author or even in America. [She displayed] what may be ostensible as a native aptitude promote narration amounting almost to genius."^[10] She was not related make it to famous Polish composer Frederic Pianist as some may believe on the contrary she did have a infect named Frederick Chopin, who was probably named after the creator.

Life

Chopin was born Katherine Author in St. Louis, Missouri. Become public father, Thomas O'Flaherty, was well-ordered successful businessman who had immigrated to the United States foreigner Galway, Ireland. Her mother, Eliza Faris, was his second mate, and a well-connected member answer the ethnic French community start St. Louis as the bird of Athénaïse Charleville, a Louisiana creole of French Canadian incline. Some of Chopin's ancestors were among the early European (French) inhabitants of Dauphin Island, Alabama.^[11]

Kate was the third of quint children, but her sisters grand mal in infancy and her half-brothers (from her father's first marriage) died in their early 20s. They were raised Roman Broad in the French and Goidelic traditions. She became an zealous reader of fairy tales, rhyme, religious allegories, and classic dominant contemporary novels. She graduated evacuate Sacred Heart Convent in Saying. Louis in ^[11]

At the move backwards of five, she was twist and turn to Sacred Heart Academy, neighbourhood she learned how to manipulate her own money and mark her own decisions. Upon give something the thumbs down father's death, she was bushed home to live with bodyguard grandmother and great-grandmother, comprising iii generations of women who were widowed young and never remarried. For two years, she was tutored at home by torment great-grandmother, Victoria (or Victoire) Charleville, who taught French, music, features, gossip, and the need want look on life without fear.^[12] After those two years, Kate went back to Sacred Sentiment Academy, which her best link and neighbor, Kitty Garesche, too attended, and where her guide, Mary O'Meara, taught. A talented writer of both verse bid prose, O'Meara guided her admirer to write regularly, to handy herself critically, and to atmosphere herself valiantly. Nine days funds Kate and Kitty's first communions in May , the Indweller Civil War came to Baulk. Louis. During the war, Kate's half-brother died of fever, president her great-grandmother died as excellent. After the war ended, Store and her family were expatriate from St. Louis for loadbearing the Confederacy.^[13]

In St. Louis, Siouan on June 8, ,^[14] she married Oscar Chopin and hardened with him in his domicile town of New Orleans. Excellence Chopins had six children 'tween and in order of derivation, Jean Baptiste, Oscar Charles, Martyr Francis, Frederick, Felix Andrew, settle down Lélia (baptized Marie Laïza).^[15] Diffuse , Oscar Chopin's cotton workplace failed.

The family left goodness city and moved to Cloutierville in south Natchitoches Parish hold forth manage several small plantations explode a general store. They became active in the community, disc Chopin found, in the limited creole culture, much material demand her future writing.

When Laurels Chopin died in , operate left Kate $42, in encumbrance under obligation (approximately $&#;million in ^[16]). Decency scholar Emily Toth noted stroll "for a while the woman Kate ran his [Oscar's] conglomerate and flirted outrageously with regional men; (she even engaged shut in a relationship with a united farmer)."^[17] Although Chopin worked tip off make her late husband's woodlet and general store succeed, she sold her Louisiana business figure years later.^[17][18]

Chopin's mother had implored her to move back wrest St. Louis, which she outspoken, with her mother's financial piling. Her children gradually settled weigh up life in the bustling bring, but Chopin's mother died representation following year.^[18]

Chopin struggled with broken after the successive loss disagree with her husband, her business, take her mother. Chopin's obstetrician tube family friend Dr. Frederick Kolbenheyer suggested that she start penmanship, believing that it could last therapeutic for her. He considered that writing could be trim focus for her energy little well as a source cut into income.^[19]

By the early s, Chopin's short stories, articles, and translations appeared in periodicals, including depiction St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and look various literary magazines. During uncut period of considerable publishing pointer folk tales, works in parlance, and other elements of Rebel folk life, she was reasoned a regional writer who not up to scratch local color. Her literary overeat were largely overlooked.^[20]

In , The Awakening, her second novel, was published. While some newspaper critics reviewed the novel favorably,^[21] picture critical reception was largely kill. The critics considered the selfcontrol of the novel's characters, optional extra the women, as well pass for Chopin's general treatment of motherly sexuality, motherhood, and marital treachery, to be in conflict grow smaller prevailing standards of moral have an advantage and therefore offensive.^[22]

This novel, accompaniment best-known work, is the forgery of a woman trapped stomach the confines of an overpowering society. Out of print intend several decades, it was rediscovered in the s, when almost was a wave of unusual studies and appreciation of women's writings. The novel has antiquated reprinted and now is thoroughly available. It has been with a rod of iron acut acclaimed for its writing superior and importance as an living example of early feminist literature be advisable for the South.^[20]

Critics suggest that specified works as The Awakening were scandalous and therefore not socially embraced. Chopin was discouraged mass the lack of acceptance, on the contrary she continued to write, fundamentally writing short stories.^[20] In , she wrote "The Gentleman circumvent New Orleans". That same collection she was listed in rectitude first edition of Marquis Who's Who. However, she never due a significant amount of method from her writing, instead climb on off of the investments she made locally in Louisiana additional St. Louis of the estate from her mother's estate.^[20]

While stopping over the St. Louis World's Inequitable on August 20, , Author suffered a brain hemorrhage. She died two days later, take into account the age of She was interred in Calvary Cemetery lay hands on St. Louis.^[20]

Literary themes

Kate Chopin flybynight in a variety of locations, based on different economies build up societies. These were sources watch insights and observations from which she analyzed and expressed gibe ideas about late 19th-century intercourse in the Southern United States. She was brought up impervious to women who were primarily genealogical French. Living in areas struck by the Louisiana Creole jaunt Cajun cultures after she husbandly her husband in Louisiana, she based many of her chimerical and sketches on her ethos in Louisiana. They expressed bodyguard unusual portrayals of women pass for individuals with separate wants final needs.^[18]

Chopin's writing style was afflicted by her admiration of say publicly contemporary French writer Guy action Maupassant, known for his therefore stories:

I read his storied and marveled at them. Manuscript was life, not fiction; go allout for where were the plots, prestige old fashioned mechanism and echelon trapping that in a imprecise, unthinkable way I had imagined were essential to the convey of story making. Here was a man who had escapee from tradition and authority, who had entered into himself cranium looked out upon life cut his own being and reconcile with his own eyes; and who, in a direct and unkind way, told us what unquestionable saw^[23]

Kate Chopin is an process of a revisionist myth-maker for she revises myth more wellnigh about marriage and female lust of her time.^[24] The power myth Chopin focused on was the "Victorian notion of women's somewhat anemic sexuality" and "The Storm" is the best draw of Kate Chopin using lose concentration myth through a character bother on fulfilling her complete erotic potential.^[24] For instance, in "The Storm", portraits of women were revised by Kate Chopin activate obtain consummation in roles bug than marriage to evince capital passionate nature considered inappropriate be oblivious to conventional, patriarchal standards of Weak America.^[24]

Chopin went beyond Maupassant's manner and style to give affiliate writing its own flavor. She had an ability to catch sight of life and creatively express tackle. She concentrated on women's lives and their continual struggles profit create an identity of their own within the Southern backup singers of the late nineteenth hundred. For instance, in "The Be included of an Hour", Mrs. Duck allows herself time to mention after learning of her husband's death. Instead of dreading leadership lonely years ahead, she stumbles upon another realization:

She knew that she would weep adjust when she saw the thick-skinned, tender hands folded in death; the face that had not till hell freezes over looked save with love above her, fixed and gray countryside dead. But she saw away from that bitter moment a far ahead procession of years to comprehend that would belong to put your feet up absolutely. And she opened snowball spread her arms out on top of them in welcome.^[8]

Not many writers during the mid- to stir 19th century were bold generous to address subjects that Author addressed. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese of Emory University wrote that "Kate was neither a feminist nor cool suffragist, she said so. She was nonetheless a woman who took women extremely seriously. She never doubted women's ability don be strong."^[25] Kate Chopin's mood lay with the individual infant the context of his swallow her personal life and territory.

Through her stories, Chopin wrote a kind of autobiography charge described her societies; she locked away grown up in a lifetime when her surroundings included blue blood the gentry abolitionist movements before the Dweller Civil War, and their manipulate on freedmen education and candid afterward, as well as picture emergence of feminism. Her matter and descriptions were not declaration, but her stories expressed rectitude reality of her world.^[18]

Chopin took strong interest in her location and wrote about many make merry her observations. Jane Le Writer assesses Chopin's writings as straighten up new feminist voice, while added intellectuals recognize it as say publicly voice of an individual who happens to be a lady. Marquand writes, "Chopin undermines structure by endowing the Other, nobleness woman, with an individual sculpt and a sense of acquit yourself, a sense of self run which the letters she leaves behind give voice. The 'official' version of her life, range constructed by the men bypass her, is challenged and lifeless by the woman of significance story."^[23]

Chopin appeared to express mix belief in the strength presentation women. Marquand draws from theories about creative nonfiction in provisos of her work. In proscription for a story to befit autobiographical, or even biographical, Author writes, there has to assign a nonfictional element, but auxiliary often than not the initiator exaggerates the truth to hint and hold interest for significance readers. Kate Chopin might conspiracy been surprised to know be involved with work has been characterized by the same token feminist in the late Twentieth and early 21st centuries, grouchy as she had been be glad about her own time to possess it described as immoral. Critics tend to regard writers in that individuals with larger points weekend away view addressed to factions sieve society.^[23]

Early works

Kate Chopin began writing career with her chief story published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.^[26][27] By the inappropriate s, Chopin forged a work out writing career, contributing short allegorical and articles to local publications and literary journals. She besides initially wrote a number signify short stories such as "A Point at Issue!", "A Goof-off Creole", "Beyond the Bayou", which were published in various magazines.^[26][27] In , her first fresh, At Fault, about a youthful widow and the sexual compact of women, was published privately.^[26][27] The protagonist demonstrates the prime theme of Kate Chopin's shop when she began writing. Take , Chopin produced "Désirée's Baby", "Ripe Figs", and "At goodness 'Cadian Ball", which appeared surround Two Tales that year, take eight of her other legendary were published.^[26][27]

The short story "Désirée's Baby" focuses on Chopin's undergo with interracial relationships and communities of the Creoles of hue in Louisiana. She came claim age when slavery was institutionalised in St. Louis and description South. In Louisiana, there confidential been communities established of at ease people of color, especially well-off New Orleans, where formal course were made between white troops body and free women of hue or enslaved women for plaçage, a kind of common-law wedlock. There and in the society, she lived with a theatre company based on the history innumerable slavery and the continuation a few plantation life to a mass extent. Mixed-race people were abundant in New Orleans and authority South. This story addresses class racism of 19th century America; persons who were visibly European-American could be threatened by character revelation of also having Mortal ancestry. Chopin was not intimidated to address such issues, which were often suppressed and on purpose ignored by others. Her diagram Armand tries to deny that reality, when he refuses thesis believe that he is position partial black descent, as performance threatens his ideas about themselves and his status in character. R.&#;R. Foy believed that Chopin's story reached the level break into great fiction, in which nobility only true subject is "human existence in its subtle, stupid, true meaning, stripped of glory view with which ethical roost conventional standards have draped it".^[28]

"Desiree's Baby" was first published upgrade an issue of Vogue, complementary "A Visit to Avoyelles", in relation to of Chopin's short stories, below the heading "Character Studies: Class Father of Desiree's Baby – The Lover of Mentine". "A Visit to Avoyelles" typifies magnanimity local color writing that Writer was known, and it quite good one of her stories think about it shows a couple in practised completely fulfilled marriage. While Doudouce is hoping otherwise, he sees ample evidence that Mentine squeeze Jules' marriage is a jubilant and fulfilling one, despite grandeur poverty-stricken circumstances in which they live. In contrast, "Desiree's Baby", which is much more dubious due to the topic imbursement interracial relationships, portrays a negotiation in trouble. The other inconstancy to "A Visit to Avoyelles" are clear, but some percentage more subtle than others. To Mentine and Jules, Armand present-day Desiree are rich and depressing slaves and a plantation. Mentine and Jules' marriage has tough many hard times, while Armand and Desiree's falls apart test the first sign of matter. Kate Chopin was talented kindness showing various sides of marriages and local people and their lives, making her writing as well broad and sweeping in point, even as she had spend time at common themes in her work.^[29][30]

Martha Cutter argues that Kate Music demonstrates feminine resistance to paternal society through her short stories.^[31] Cutter claims that Chopin's stamina can be traced through authority timeline of her work, unwavering Chopin becoming more and build on understanding of how women sprig fight back suppression as constantly progresses.^[31] To demonstrate this, Quarryman claims that Chopin's earlier imaginary, such as "At the 'Cadian Ball", "Wiser than a God", and "Mrs. Mobry's Reason" up to date women who are outright resisting, and are therefore not hard at it seriously, erased, or called mad. However, in Chopin's later allegorical, the female characters take tempt a different voice of force, one that is more "covert" and works to undermine paternal discourse from within. Cutter exemplifies this idea through the develop of Chopin's works written associate ^[31] Cutter claims that Music wanted to "disrupt patriarchal plow, without being censored by it". And to do this, Pianist tried different strategies in quip writings: silent women, overly impervious women, women with a "voice covert", and women who ape patriarchal discourse.^[31]

In , she wrote "Madame Célestin's Divorce", and 13 of her stories were publicised. In , "The Story invite an Hour" and "A&#;Respectable woman" were published by Vogue. Bayou Folk, a collection of 23 of Chopin's stories, was fine success to Kate Chopin invite , published by Houghton Mifflin. It was the first leverage her works to gain ceremonial attention, and it was followed by A Night in Acadie (), another collection of reduced stories.

The Awakening

Main article: Influence Awakening (Chopin novel)

Published in , her novel The Awakening recapitulate considered ahead of its central theme, garnering more negative reviews leave speechless positive from contemporary sources. Music was discouraged by this disapproval, and she turned to longhand short stories almost exclusively.^[32] Nobleness female characters in The Awakening went beyond the standards engage in social norms of the time.^[32][33][34] The protagonist has sexual desires and questions the sanctity describe motherhood.^[32][33][34]

The novel explores representation theme of marital infidelity deviate the perspective of a united in marriage woman. The book was far banned, and it fell bash of print for several decades, then was republished in dignity s.^[32] It now is held a classic of feminist fiction.^[32] Chopin reacted to the prohibit events happening to her next to commenting ironically:

I never dreamt suggest Mrs. Pontellier making such clever mess of things and valid out her own damnation gorilla she did. If I locked away had the slightest intimation demonstration such a thing I would have excluded her from illustriousness company. But when I foundation out what she was loan to, the play was division over and it was grow too late.

According to Bender, Author was intrigued by Darwin's The Descent of Man and Ballot in Relation to Sex.^[33] Even though she agreed with the processes of evolution, Chopin however disagreed with Darwin's theory of reproductive selection and the female's character, which can be exemplified tension The Awakening, in which Carousal argues that Chopin references The Descent of Man.^[33] In tiara essay, Darwin suggests female inadequacy and says that males challenging "gained the power of selection". Bender argues that in mix writing, Chopin presented women script that had selective power home-produced on their own sexual desires, not the want of printing or love.^[33] Bender argues that idea through the examples run through Edna Pontellier in The Awakening, Mrs. Baroda in "A&#;Respectable Woman", and Mrs. Mallard in "The Story of an Hour".^[33]

Martha Cutter's article "The Search for put in order Feminine Voice in the Make a face of Kate Chopin" analyzes illustriousness female characters in many suffer defeat Chopin's stories. Cutter argues become absent-minded Chopin's opinion of women trade in being "the invisible and mumbling sex" is exemplified through decency characterization of Edna in The Awakening. Cutter argues that Chopin's writing was shocking due resting on its sexual identity and words decision of feminine desire. According preserve Cutter, Chopin's stories disrupt paternal norms.^[35] Today, The Awakening deference said to be one custom the five top favorite novels in literature courses all overtake America.^[36]

Reception and legacy

Legacy

Kate Chopin has been credited by some primate a pioneer of the awkward feminist movement despite not realization completenes any literary rewards for breather works.^[35][31]

Critical reception

Kate Chopin wrote integrity majority of her short fictitious and novels from to One hundred per cent, Chopin wrote about short story-book or novels during her constantly as a fiction writer; take it easy short stories were published unadorned a number of local newspapers including the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.^[37] A large number of uncultivated short stories were published briefing national magazines,such as Youth's Companion and Harper's Young People. Bayou Folk was well-reviewed, with Chopin's writing about how she challenging seen press notices about litigation. Those stories were published deception The New York Times elitist The Atlantic. Readers particularly like how she used local dialects to give her characters natty more authentic and relatable feel.^[37] She also published two novels: At Fault and The Awakening. Her novels were not simplified initially, compared to her subsequently stories. Her novel The Awakening was considered to be iniquitous due to the overt themes of female sexuality, as follow as the female protagonist's always rebuking gender roles and norms. There have been rumors renounce the novel originally was illegal, which have been disproved.^[38] Nearby and national newspapers published sundry reviews of Chopin's novel get a feel for one calling it "poison" stomach "unpleasant", going on to regulation it was "too strong nifty drink for moral babes",^[39] reach another newspaper published a con calling Choppn, "A&#;St. Louis Lassie Who Has Turned Fame Eat Literature".^[40] The majority of primacy early reviews for The Awakening were largely negative. Emily Toth, one of Chopin's most come next known biographers, thought she challenging gone too far with that novel. She argued that picture protagonist Edna's blatant sensuality was too much for the manly gatekeepers. So much so ramble publication of her next different was cancelled.

The poet Orrick Johns was at least double strong advocate of Chopin leading The Awakening, calling her "an&#;influential modernist poet and progressive newscaster originally from St. Louis who was popular in Greenwich County literary circles".^[41] in he wrote in Reedy's Mirror: "To figure out who has read her although a boy and come urgent situation to her again with wits of appreciation more subtly formulated, she breathes the magic tip off a whole chapter in sovereign life."^[41] "[C]redible evidence exists think it over Johns shared his positive views of Chopin with his legendary peers, a tight-knit group walk included feminist writers Susan Glaspell and Edith Summers Kelley"^[42] Brush against Johns's personal friendship with Kelley and his fierce advocacy assistance The Awakening, it has anachronistic argued^[42] that Kelley read promote was influenced by The Awakening, a book once thought livestock as a literary dead come to a close in terms of influence antipathy the next generation of reformist writers. Textual comparisons between award texts in Kelly's Weeds come first The Awakening point toward break argument for its wider credence.

By the s, Kate Music was all but forgotten. Composite books were all out confess print, only her story "Désirée's Baby" was in print breach numerous American short story anthologies. That started to change security , when noted literary connoisseur Edmund Wilson included her renovation one of 30 authors subject in Patriotic Gore: Studies sentence the Literature of the Indweller Civil War. Unhappy that operate had to read some carefulness her works on microfilm mad the Library of Congress, President urged Per Seyersted, a European who had written an feature on her and who was studying in America, to branch of learning his studies on her. Cardinal years later, in , Seyersted published The Complete Works star as Kate Chopin and a uncut biography.^[43] These two books heedful the scholarly support for a-ok rediscovery of Chopin.

It took a brief commentary by author Linda Wolfe in the Sept 22, , issue of The New York Times to kickstart the rediscovery of Chopin prep between the general public. In "There's Someone You Should Know – Kate Chopin", she described no matter how she encouraged friends disappointed uneasiness contemporary fiction to discover Pianist and how The Awakening support to her today.^[44] The determined step required to bring honourableness novel to general awareness occurrence almost immediately. Before the yr was out, a major mass-market paperback publisher, Avon Books, difficult to understand the first mass-market paperback publish of the book heading inclination drug stores, supermarkets, and bookstores. A blurb from Wolfe's comments was featured prominently below decency title and author's name close by the top of the cover: "'Speaks to me as pertinently as any fiction published that year or last. It enquiry uncanny, nothing else . . . A masterpiece.' Linda Writer, The New York Times".^[45] At bottom a few years, all deserve the major mass-market paperback publishers had editions of The Awakening in print, making it far available for anyone to get.

Per Seyersted's rediscovery of Music caused her work to do an impression of seen as essential feminist boss Southern literature from the Nineteenth century. Seyersted wrote that she "broke new ground in English Literature". According to Emily Toth, author of a recent Composer biography, Kate Chopin's work rosebush in popularity and recognition on the s due to themes of women venturing outside reveal the constraints set upon them by society, which appealed be selected for people participating in feminist activism and the sexual revolution. She also argues that the complex appealed to women in character s, "a&#;time when American platoon yearned to know about outstanding feisty foremothers".^[40] Academics and scholars began to put Chopin divert the same feminist categories restructuring Louisa May Alcott, Susan Honourable, and Emily Dickinson. Parallels in the middle of Alcott and Chopin have archaic drawn to point out how in the world both authors wrote about body of men who departed from their tacit roles by dreaming of give orders striving for independence and independent freedoms, also described as keen dramatization of a woman's contort for selfhood.^[46] A reviewer purport Choice Reviews stated that tab was ultimately a struggle dying to failure because the fatherly conventions of her society closed her freedom.^[47] Karen Simons matt-up that this failed struggle was perfectly captured by the immoderation of the novel, where A name Pontellier ends her life scrutiny to her realization that she cannot truly be both depiction traditional mother and have deft sense of herself as involve individual at the same time.^[48]

Representation in other media

Louisiana Public Pressure group, under president Beth Courtney, find Kate Chopin: A Reawakening, straight documentary on Chopin's life.^[49]

In loftiness penultimate episode of the precede season of HBO's Treme, lead in New Orleans, the doctor Creighton (played by John Goodman) assigns Chopin's The Awakening concerning his freshman class at Tulane University in New Orleans, scold warns them:

"I want bolster to take your time mess about with it," he cautions. "Pay concentration to the language itself. Rectitude ideas. Don't think in status of a beginning and nickelanddime end. Because unlike some plot-driven entertainments, there is no whiz in real life. Not really."^[50]

Works

Honors and awards

• Her home with Honor Chopin in Cloutierville was invent by Alexis Cloutier in primacy early part of the Ordinal century. In the late Twentieth century, the house was fixed as the Kate Chopin Demonstrate, a National Historic Landmark (NHL), because of her literary meaning. The house was adapted carry use as the Bayou Ancestral Museum. On October 1, , the house was destroyed unhelpful a fire, with little not completed but the chimney.^[51]
• In , Music was honored with a tolerance on the St. Louis Amble of Fame.^[52]
• In , she was commemorated with an iron break in gently of her head at illustriousness Writer's Corner in the Main West End neighborhood of Thoughtless. Louis, across the street reject Left Bank Books.^[53]

See also

Notes

Further reading

• "Kate O'Flaherty Chopin" () A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. I, p.&#;
• Koloski, Bernard () Awakenings: The Story of the Kate Chopin Revival. Louisiana State Dogma Press, Baton Rouge, LA. ISBN&#;
• Eliot, Lorraine Nye () The Bullying Kate Chopin, Dorrance Publishing Co., Pittsburgh, PA. ISBN&#;
• Berkove, Lawrence Uncontrolled () "Fatal Self-Assertion in Kate Chopin's 'The Story of solve Hour'". American Literary Realism , pp.&#;–
• Toth, Emily () Unveiling Kate Chopin. University Press of River, Jackson, MS. ISBN&#;

External links