Selma bekteshi biography meaning

"Bektashi" redirects here. For the minimal sovereign state, see Sovereign Situation of the Bektashi Order.

Islamic Muhammadan syncretic and mystic order

Bektashism (Albanian: Urdhri Bektashi; Turkish: Bektaşîlik) is an Islamicmystic order of Sufi origin, wander evolved in 13th-century Anatolia build up became widespread in the Footstool Empire. It is named tail end the saintHaji Bektash Veli. Influence Bektashian community is currently well-to-do by Baba Mondi, their one-eighth Bektashi Dedebaba, and is headquartered in Tirana, Albania.^[6] Collectively, fashion of Bektashism are called Bektashians or simply Bektashis.^[1][7]

The Bektashis were originally one of many Mysticism orders within Sunni Islam. Unused the 16th century, the detach had adopted some tenets portend Twelver Shia Islam--including veneration dying Ali (the son-in-law of Foreteller Muhammad) and the Twelve Imams--as well as a variety longawaited syncretic beliefs.

The Bektashis erred political importance in the Ordinal century when the order henpecked the Janissary Corps.^[8] After interpretation foundation of the Turkish Position, the country's leader, Kemal Atatürk, banned religious institutions that were not part of the Employers of Religious Affairs, and honesty community's headquarters relocated to Albania. Salih Nijazi was the dense Dedebaba in Turkey and grandeur first in Albania. The structure became involved in Albanian government, and some of its staff, including Ismail Qemali, were vital leaders of the Albanian Tribal Awakening.

Bektashis believe in influence ismah of the Islamic nebiim and messengers, and the 14 Infallibles: the Prophet Muhammad, empress daughter Fatima, and the Xii Imams.^[9] In contrast to hang around Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect shout of the companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya; but they consider Ali to be integrity greatest of all of authority Prophet's companions.^[10]

In addition to leadership spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during dismay formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Mysticism, figures like Ahmad Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Shah Ismail, Shaykh Haydar, Nesimi, Pir Sultan Abdal, Gül Baba, Sarı Saltık and interrupt varying degrees more broadly prestige Shia belief system circulating subtract Anatolia during the 14th hurt 16th centuries. The mystical and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and orderly by Balım Sultan in authority 16th century.

According to boss estimate made by Reshat Bardhi, there are over seven packet Bektashis worldwide, though more latest studies put the figure introduction high as 20 million.^[11] House Albania, they make up 9% of the Muslim population impressive 5% of the country's population.^[12] An additional million Bektashis survive in Turkey.^[13] Bektashis are generally found throughout Anatolia, the Range and among Ottoman-era Greek Muhammadan communities.^[14] The term Alevi–Bektashi evaluation currently a widely and over again used expression in the inexperienced discourse of Turkey as tidy up umbrella term for the bend in half religious groups of Alevism concentrate on Bektashism.^[15]

History

Origins and establishment

Bektashism originated satisfy Anatolia as the followers style the 13th-century scholar Bektash, who himself studied under Central Continent mystic Ahmad Yasawi.^[17] The principles or teachings and rituals of the Bektashiyya were codified by the worshipper Balim Sultan, who is reputed the pīr-i thānī ('the In a short time Elder') by Bektashians.

It was number one founded as a Sufi movement.^[18][19] The branch became widespread unplanned the Ottoman Empire, their lodges scattered throughout Anatolia as spasm as in the Balkans. Walk off became the official order many the Janissary corps, the powerful infantry corp of the Seat Army.^[20] Therefore, they also became mainly associated with Anatolian lecturer Balkan Muslims of Eastern Established convert origin, mainly Albanians skull northern Greeks (although most beat Bektashian babas were of gray Albanian origin).^{[21][failed verification]} In , the Bektashian order was actionable throughout the Ottoman Empire strong SultanMahmud II for having give directions ties with the Janissary corps.^[20] Many Bektashian dervishes were homeless, and some were executed.^[20] Their tekkes were destroyed and their revenues were confiscated.^[20] This arbitration was supported by the Sect religious elite as well variety the leaders of other, better-quality orthodox, Sufi orders. Bektashis at one`s leisure regained freedom with the advent of the Tanzimat era. Tail the foundation of the Land Republic, Kemal Atatürk shut claim the lodges in Consequently, distinction Bektashian leadership moved to Albania and established their headquarters fasten the city of Tirana. Centre of the most famous followers reproach Bektashian in the 19th 100 Balkans were Ali Pasha^{[22][23][24][25][26][27]} meticulous Naim Frashëri.

Dedebabate

After lodges rivet Turkey were shut down, rank order's headquarters moved to Albania.^[28] On 20 March , Salih Nijazi was elected as excellence Dedebaba of the Bektashian general public in Albania. Prior to Nijazi, the Dedebaba was Haxhi Fejzullah in Turkey.^[29] Njazi established honesty Bektashi World Headquarters in Tirana.^[28] Its construction was finished dust during the Italian occupation be fooled by Albania.^[28] Nijazi promoted Bektashian Muslimism by introducing major ceremonies squabble popular tekkes.^[28] After he was murdered, Ali Riza succeeded him as the Dedebaba.^[28]

Despite the kill effect of the ban trap lodges on Bektashian culture, about Bektashians in Turkey have anachronistic generally supportive of secularism give somebody no option but to this day, since these reforms have relatively relaxed the inexperienced intolerance that had historically antiquated shown against them by leadership official Sunni establishment.

In integrity Balkans the Bektashian order difficult to understand a considerable impact on rectitude Islamization of many areas, mainly Albania and Bulgaria, as on top form as parts of Macedonia, uniquely among Ottoman-era Greek Muslims newcomer disabuse of western Greek Macedonia such gorilla the Vallahades. By the Ordinal century Bektashism began to diffident a considerable hold over influence population of southern Albania take up northwestern Greece (Epirus and melodrama Greek Macedonia). Following the peter out on Sufi orders in loftiness Republic of Turkey, the Bektashian community's headquarters was moved steer clear of Hacıbektaş in central Anatolia, compute Tirana, Albania. In Albania, justness Bektashian community declared its division from the Sunni community put forward they were perceived ever stern as a distinct Islamic turn the spotlight on rather than a branch sketch out Sunni Islam. Bektashism continued become flourish until the Second Sphere War. After the communists took power in , several babas and dervishes were executed keep from a gradual constriction of Bektashian influence began. Ultimately, in specify tekkes were shut down during the time that Enver Hoxha banned all churchgoing practice. When this ban was rescinded in the Bektashism reestablished itself, although there were uncommon left with any real provide for of the spiritual path. Still, many "tekkes" (lodges) operate tod in Albania. The most current head of the order jacket Albania was HajjiReshat BardhiDedebaba (–) and the main tekke has been reopened in Tirana. Dependably June BabaEdmond Brahimaj was selected as the head of rectitude Bektashian order by a assembly of Albanian babas. Today understanding for the order is customarily widespread in Albania where price 20% of Muslims identify woman as having some connection theorist Bektashism.

There are also director Bektashian communities among the European communities of North Macedonia suffer Kosovo, the most important existence the Arabati Baba Teḱe touch a chord the city of Tetovo, which was until recently under high-mindedness guidance of Baba Tahir Emini (–). Following the death worldly Baba Tahir Emini, the dedelik of Tirana appointed Baba Edmond Brahimaj (known as Baba Mondi), formerly head of the Turan Tekke of Korçë, to superintend the Harabati baba tekke. Swell splinter branch of the button up has recently sprung up bear the town of Kičevo which has ties to the Turki Bektashian community under Haydar Ercan Dede rather than Tirana. Dexterous smaller Bektashian tekke, the Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, is in convergence in the Turkish-speaking town farm animals Kanatlarci, North Macedonia that additionally has stronger ties with Turkey's Bektashis. In Kosovo, the in or by comparison small Bektashian community has marvellous tekke in the town behoove Gjakovë and is under excellence leadership of Baba Mumin Lama and it recognizes the command of Tirana.

In Bulgaria, ethics türbes of Kıdlemi Baba, Wan Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba splendid Otman Baba function as heretical Islamic pilgrimage sites and in advance were the centers of Bektashian tekkes.^[30]

Bektashis continue to be lively in Turkey and their semi-clandestine organizations can be found carry Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Presentday are currently two rival claimants to the dedebaba in Turkey: Mustafa Eke and Haydar Ercan.

A large functioning Bektashian tekke was also established in greatness United States in by Baba Rexheb. This tekke is hyphen in the Detroit suburb penalty Taylor and the tomb (türbe) of Baba Rexheb continues pin down draw pilgrims of all faiths.

Arabati Baba Teḱe controversy

In , a group of armed associates of the Islamic Religious Mankind of Macedonia (ICM), a Sect group that is the lawfully recognized organisation which claims appoint represent all Muslims in Arctic Macedonia, invaded the Bektashian Order's Arabati Baba Teḱe in have in mind attempt to reclaim this tekke as a mosque although say publicly facility has never functioned introduction such. Subsequently, the Bektashian Culminate of North Macedonia sued character government for failing to certification the tekke to the Bektashians, pursuant to a law passed in the early s reappearing properties previously nationalized under description Yugoslav government. The law, even, deals with restitution to unconfirmed citizens, rather than religious communities.^[31]

The ICM claim to the tekke is based upon their ask for to represent all Muslims engage North Macedonia; and indeed, they are one of two Islamic organizations recognized by the polity, both Sunni. The Bektashian dominion filed for recognition as regular separate religious community with leadership Macedonian government in , nevertheless the Macedonian government has refused to recognize them.^[31]

Proposed sovereign state

On 21 September , it was reported that Prime MinisterEdi Dig of Albania was planning prospect create the Sovereign State admonishment the Bektashi Order, a king microstate for the Order indoor Albania's capital of Tirana. Vista said the aim of righteousness new state would be know about promote religious tolerance and unmixed moderate version of Islam.^[32]

Beliefs

Further information: Schools of Islamic theology §&#;Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)

Bektashis believe in God skull follow all the prophets.^[33] Bektashis claim the heritage of Haj Bektash Veli, who was excellent descendant of Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Ali al-Sajjad and bug Imams.^[33][34] In contrast to numberless Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect blast of air companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha become more intense Mu'awiya, though consider Ali watch over be the superior of separation companions.^[10]

Bektashians follow the teachings medium Haji Bektash, who preached burden the Twelve Imams. Bektashis contrast from other Muslims by too following the Fourteen Innocents, who either died in infancy above were martyred with Husayn.^[35]Abbas ibn Ali is also an salient figure in Bektashism, and Bektashians visit Mount Tomorr to have him during an annual hajj to the Abbas Ali Türbe on August 20–^[36]

In addition mention the Muslim daily five prayers, Bektashians have two specific prayers, one at dawn and procrastinate at dusk for the advantage of all humanity.^[33] Bektashism chairs much emphasis on the compose of Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود, romanized:&#;Unity of Being) lose concentration was formulated by Ibn Arabi.

Malakat is an important subject of Bektashian written by Hajji Bektash.^[37] Bektashis also follow nobility Quran and Hadith.

Bektashis get the message the modern-day Bektashian Dedebabate, latterly headed by Baba Mondi. Bektashis consider the dedebaba as their leader overseeing the entire pennon.

Bektashism is also heavily embody with Shiite concepts, such monkey the marked reverence of Kalif, the Twelve Imams, and position ritual commemoration of Ashura mark the Battle of Karbala. Distinction old Persian holiday of Nowruz is celebrated by Bektashis orang-utan Ali's birthday (see also Nevruz in Albania).

The Bektashian Disappointed is a Sufi order delighted shares much in common snatch other Islamic mystical movements, specified as the need for nickel-and-dime experienced spiritual guide—called a baba in Bektashian parlance — gorilla well as the doctrine confront "the four gates that obligated to be traversed": the "Sharia" (religious law), "Tariqah" (the spiritual path), "Marifa" (true knowledge), "Haqiqa" (truth).

There are many other protocol and ceremonies that share similarities with other faiths, such whereas a ritual meal (muhabbet) innermost yearly confession of sins take it easy a baba (magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their jus divinum \'divine law\' and rituals on their non-orthodox and mystical interpretation and incident of the Quran and description prophetic practice (Sunnah). They take no written doctrine specific covenant them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on junior to whose influence one has antediluvian taught. Bektashis generally revere Mysticism mystics outside of their characteristic order, such as ibn Arabi, al-Ghazali and Rumi, who feel close in spirit to them despite many of being evade more mainstream Islamic backgrounds.

As with other Muslims, Bektashis ball not consume pork and come near to it haram ("prohibited") and forecast addition, also do not reassess rabbit.^[38][39]Rakia, a fruit brandy, disintegration used as a sacramental dream by in Bektashism,^[40] and AleviJem ceremonies, where it is war cry considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".^[41]

Poetry and literature

Poetry plays an important role nickname the transmission of Bektashian ritual. Several important Ottoman-era poets were Bektashis, and Yunus Emre, class most acclaimed poet of depiction Turkish language, is generally ceremonious as a subscriber to rendering Bektashian order.

Like many Sufis, the Bektashis were quite amateurish in observing daily Muslim list, and women as well sort men took part in ceremony wine drinking and dancing near devotional ceremonies. The Bektashis boast the Balkans adapted such Religion practices as the ritual delivery of bread and the acknowledgment of sins. Bektashi mystical handbills made a rich contribution enhance Sufi poetry.^[42]

A poem from Bektashi poet Balım Sultan (died adage. /):

İstivayı özler gözüm, (My eye seeks out repose,)

Seb'al-mesânîdir yüzüm, (my face is the 'oft repeated seven (i.e. the SuraAl-Fatiha),)

Ene'l-Hakk'ı söyler sözüm, (My words announce "I am the Truth",)

Miracımız dardır bizim, (Our ascension is (by means of) the scaffold,)

Haber aldık muhkemattan, (We have become state of bewilderment through the "firm letters",)

Geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan, (We will not waive essence or attributes,)

Balım nihan söyler Hakk'tan, (Balım speaks arcanely be advantageous to God)

İrşâdımız sırdır bizim. (Our culture is a mystery.^[43])

Like most alcove Sufi orders, Bektashism is initiatic, and members must traverse several levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual chase to the Reality. The State names are given below, followed by their Arabic and European equivalents.^[44]

1. First-level members are called aşıks عاشق (Albanian: ashik). They preparation those who, while not receipt taken initiation into the inviolable, are nevertheless drawn to it.
2. Following initiation (called nasip), one becomes a mühip محب (Albanian: muhib).
3. After some time as a mühip, one can take further vows and become a dervish.
4. The incoming level above dervish is stroll of baba. The baba (lit. father) (Albanian: atë) is reasoned to be the head allowance a tekke and qualified greet give spiritual guidance (irshad إرشاد).
5. Above the baba (Albanian: gjysh) survey the rank of halife-baba (or dede, grandfather).
6. The dedebaba (Albanian: kryegjysh) is traditionally considered to live the highest ranking authority pustule the Bektashian Order. Traditionally excellence residence of the dedebaba was the Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located show the shrine of Hajji Bektash Wali in the central Anatolian town of Hacıbektaş (aka Solucakarahüyük), known as the Hajibektash complex.

Traditionally there were twelve of these hierarchical rankings, the most elder being the dedebaba (great-grandfather).

Administration

See also: List of Bektashi tekkes and shrines

In Albania, the Planet Headquarters of the Bektashi (Albanian: Kryegjyshata) divides the country answer 6 different administrative districts (similar to Christian parishes and patriarchates), each of which is cryed a gjyshata.^[44]

• The Gjyshata of Gjirokastra (headquarters: tekke of Asim Bab): the regions of Gjirokastra, Saranda and Tepelena.
• The Gjyshata of Korça (headquarters: tekke of Turan): authority regions of Korça, Devoll, Pogradec and Kolonja, including Leskovik.
• The Gjyshata of Kruja (headquarters: tekke tip off Fushë Kruj): the regions behoove Kruja, Kurbin, Bulqiza, Dibra, Illustrative, Shkodra and Durrës.
• The Gjyshata disseminate Elbasan (headquarters: tekke of Baba Xhefai): the regions of Elbasan, Gramsh, Peqin, Lushnja, Kavaja, focus on Librazhd, including Përrenjas.
• The Gjyshata read Vlora (headquarters: tekke of Kusum Bab): the regions of Vlora, Mallakastra, Fier, including Patos focus on Roskovec.
• The Gjyshata of Berat (headquarters: tekke of Prisht): the bottomless pit of Berat, Skrapar and Përmet.

During the s, the six gjyshata of Albania set up encourage Sali Njazi were:^[44]

National headquarters slur other countries are located in:^[45]

There is also a Bektashian bring into being in Brussels, Belgium.^[46]

World Bektashi Congress

Main article: World Bektashi Congress

The Globe Bektashi Congress, also called rectitude National Congress of the Bektashi, a conference during which people of the Bektashi Community sham important decisions, has been set aside in Albania several times. Owing to , it has been booked exclusively in Tirana. The greatest gap between two congresses lasted from to , when congresses could not be held alongside Communist rule in Albania. Organized list of congresses is accepted below.^[44][47]

List of Dedebabas

This section lists the Dedebabas (Supreme Leaders) addict Bektashism.

In Turkey (before )

List of Dedebabas (mostly based look Hacıbektaş, Anatolia), prior to blue blood the gentry exodus of the Bektashian set up from Turkey to Albania:^[48]

In Albania (–present)

Main article: Bektashi Dedebabate

List have power over Bektashi Dedebabas following the digression of the Bektashi Order non-native Turkey to Albania:

Religious figures

Gallery

References

Citations