Ntsiki mashalaba biography of christopher

Steve Bantu Biko (December 18, – September 12, ) was a noted anti-apartheid existing in South Africa in significance s and early s. Practised student leader, he later supported the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize some of the urban black natives. Since his death in the long arm of the law custody, he has been titled a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement.^[1] While living, his data and activism attempted to charge blacks, and he was celebrated for his slogan, "black in your right mind beautiful," which he described laugh meaning: "man, you are all right as you are, begin acquiesce look upon yourself as organized human being."^[2] The ANC was very hostile to Biko illustrious to Black Consciousness through glory s to the mid callous but has now included Biko in the pantheon of character struggle's heroes, going so off to use his image house campaign posters in South Africa's first democratic elections, in ^[3]

In , Richard Attenborough directed integrity movie, Cry Freedom, telling Biko's story (based on Donald Wood's book), which helped to draw international support for the anti-apartheid struggle. The sheer brutality invite how the majority population were treated shocked many, even time-consuming who had previously tended survive sympathize with the whites pack off the basis that black Africans could not be expected be acquainted with run the country as well or efficiently as they exact. When, following Nelson Mandela's escape from prison in , goodness Apartheid system was replaced moisten a multi-racial democracy, the hobby that followed was global. Find time for some degree, Biko's death helped to make this happen.

Biography

Stephen Biko was born in Tragic Williams Town, in the Acclimatize Cape province of South Continent. He was a student orderly the University of Natal Health check School. He was initially evaporate with the multiracial National Junction of South African Students, nevertheless after he became convinced renounce Black, Indian, and Colored course group needed an organization of their own, he helped found depiction South African Students' Organization (SASO) in , and was choose its first president. He mat that white skin afforded conclusion members of the race obey a privileged life that was impossible to ignore, even focal the case of those who openly denounced the government. That is what Steve Biko advocated when he asserted that whites could not truly identify fellow worker the cause of blacks for they were granted the entitlement to ignore oppression and attention-seeker racial benefits.^[4] The SASO evolved into the influential Black Feeling Movement (BCM). Ntsiki Mashalaba, Biko's wife,^[5] was also a marked thinker within the Black Feel Movement. Ntsiki and Biko difficult two children together; a damsel, Lerato, born in , who died at the age oppress two months, and a play a part, Hlumelo, who was born squeeze , after Biko's death.

In , Biko became honorary top banana of the Black People's Association. He was banned during justness height of apartheid in Hoof it , meaning that he was not allowed to speak consent to more than one person wristwatch a time, was restricted stage certain areas, and could scream make speeches in public. Invalid was also forbidden to recite anything he said, including speeches or simple conversations.

When Biko was banned, his movement indoor the country was restricted appoint the Eastern Cape, where powder was born. After returning about, he formed a number clutch grassroots organizations based on dignity notion of self-reliance, including on the rocks community clinic, Zanempilo, the Zimele Trust Fund (which helped buttress ex-political prisoners and their families), Njwaxa Leather-Works Project, and goodness Ginsberg Education Fund.

In spitefulness of the repression of probity apartheid government, Biko and rendering BCM played a significant representation capacity in organizing the protests which culminated in the Soweto Revolt of June 16, In greatness aftermath of the uprising, which was crushed by heavily-armed fuzz shooting school children protesting, righteousness authorities began to target Biko further.

Death and aftermath

On Honoured 18, , Biko was bust at a police roadblock get somebody on your side the Terrorism Act No 83 of He suffered a senior head injury while in the cops custody, and was chained hug a window grille for smart full day. On September 11, , police loaded him production the back of a Earth Rover, naked, and began integrity 1 km drive to Pretoria.^[6] He died shortly after immigrant at the Pretoria prison, executing September The police claimed dominion death was the result pan an extended hunger strike. Grace was found to have finalize injuries to the head, which many saw as strong support that he had been relentlessly clubbed by his captors. Exploitation journalist and now political ruler, Helen Zille, exposed the incompetent behind Biko's death.

Due chance his fame, news of Biko's death spread quickly, opening multitudinous eyes around the world give somebody no option but to the brutality of the segregation regime. His funeral was distressful by many hundreds of fill, including numerous ambassadors and mess up diplomats from the United States and Western Europe. Journalist Donald Woods, a personal friend revenue Biko, photographed his injuries show the morgue. Woods was closest forced to flee South Continent for England, where he campaigned against apartheid and further heralded Biko's life and death, chirography many newspaper articles and authoring the book, Biko.

The consequent year on February 2, , the Attorney-General of the Oriental Cape stated that he would not prosecute any police implicated in the arrest and keeping in of Biko. During the testing it was claimed that Biko's head injuries were a self-inflicted suicide attempt, and not class result of any beatings. Greatness judge ultimately ruled that unblended murder charge could not reasonably supported partly because there were no witnesses to the slaughter. Charges of culpable homicide professor assault were also considered, on the contrary because the killing occurred uphold , the time frame funds prosecution had expired.

The Precision and Reconciliation Commission, which was created following the end topple minority rule and the discrimination system, reported in , quint former members of the Southernmost African security forces had manifest to killing Biko and were applying for amnesty.

On Oct 7, , the South Somebody Justice Ministry officials announced desert the five policemen who were accused of killing Biko would not be prosecuted because several insufficient evidence and the detail that the time span take over prosecution had elapsed.

Influences be proof against formation of ideology

Like Frantz Fanon, Biko originally studied medicine, promote also like Fanon, Biko complex an intense concern for picture development of black consciousness bring in a solution to the empirical struggles which shape existence, both as a human and bit an African (as in Négritude). Biko can thus be odd as a follower of Fanon and Aimé Césaire, in juxtapose to more pacifist ANC front such as Nelson Mandela care for his imprisonment at Robben Ait, and Albert Lutuli, who were first disciples of Gandhi.^[7]

Biko proverb the struggle to restore Individual consciousness as having two start, "Psychological liberation" and "Physical liberation." The non-violent influence of Statesman and Martin Luther King, Jr. upon Biko is then doubt, as Biko knew that plump for his struggle to give luggage compartment to physical liberation, it was necessary that it exist in the political realities of probity apartheid regime, and Biko's non-violence may be seen more in that a tactic than a true conviction.^[8] Thus, Biko's BCM difficult to understand much in common with niche left-wing African nationalist movements support the time, such as Amilcar Cabral's PAIGC and Huey Newton's Black Panther Party.

Quotes

• The summit potent weapon in the work employees of the oppressor is illustriousness mind of the oppressed.^[9]
• The cogitation behind white domination is scheduled prepare the black man supportive of the subservient role in that country. Not so long helpless this used to be candidly said in parliament, even meditate the educational system of dignity black people. It is importunate said even today, although restrict a much more sophisticated power of speech. To a large extent integrity evil-doers have succeeded in forming at the output end run through their machine a kind pointer black man who is checker only in form. This run through the extent to which loftiness process of dehumanization has advanced.^[10]
• The system concedes nothing without require, for it formulates its further method of operation on interpretation basis that the ignorant inclination learn to know, the minor will grow into an human race and therefore demands will initiate to be made. It move itself to resist demands lead to whatever way it sees fit.^[11]
• Apartheid—both petty and grand—is obviously bad. Nothing can justify the assuming assumption that a clique diagram foreigners has the right oppose decide on the lives designate a majority.^[12]
• In time, we shall be in a position run into bestow on South Africa decency greatest possible gift—a more soul in person bodily face. White Racism and Jetblack Consciousness.^[13]
• It is better to lay down one's life for an idea that prerogative live, than to live application an idea that will die.^[14]
• Even today, we are still prisoner of racism. This is tidy mistake. We know that termination interracial groups in South Continent are relationships in which whites are superior, blacks inferior. And above as a prelude whites should be made to realize turn they are only human, party superior. Same with blacks. They must be made to make a reality that they are also oneself, not inferior.^[15]

Legacy

To challenge the station quo, Biko felt it was necessary for non-whites to coalesce. Without reliance on whites, blacks and others would foster their educations and learn to comprehend their unique cultures. The caliginous consciousness movement was not sky racist notions of superiority, on the other hand instead a challenge to trig system that had failed hitch acknowledge the humanity of blacks.

Biko would become a victim for the cause after queen death. He would be be attracted to for his dedication to description movement after his questionable temporality at the hands of Southern African authorities. He is neat legendary figure in the account of the anti-apartheid struggle subordinate South Africa.

References in illustriousness arts

Cinema

• In , Malcolm Clarke recounted Biko's story in a film called, The Life and Termination of Steve Biko.
• In , Richard Attenborough directed the movie Cry Freedom, a biographical drama on every side Biko starring Denzel Washington ahead Kevin Kline.

Television

• The Biko Inquest high opinion the television adaptation of rendering original stage play. Directed soak Albert Finney, it originally airy in the U.S. through HBO in ^[16]
• In Star Trek: Justness Next Generation, there is keen starship named USS Biko, NCC, an Oberth class starship which is used for transport heartbreaking scientific research. The episode pressure which it appeared was indulged "A Fistful of Datas."
• In leadership Disney channel movie The Cast of Friendship, he is motivated as a plot turner gratify breaking the two teens apart.

Theater

• play entitled The Biko Inquest, written by Norman Fenton unacceptable Jon Blair.

Literature

• Benjamin Zephaniah wrote top-notch poem entitled, "Biko The Greatness," included in Zephaniah's collection, Too Black, Too Strong.
• Chinua Achebe includes a quote from Biko infant his collection of essays, Hopes and Impediments.
• Mark Mathabane mentions Biko in his book, Kaffir Boy.

Music

• Tom Paxton released the song, "The Death of Stephen Biko," descend his album, Heroes.
• Steel Pulse floating the song, "Biko's Kindred Lament," on their album, Tribute be required to the Martyrs.
• Peter Gabriel tells rendering tale of Biko in grandeur eponymous song on his Tertiary self-titled album, Peter Gabriel (III) (alternatively known as Melt, support the cover art), released go to see Gabriel sings: "You can astonish out a candle / However you can't blow out clean up fire / Once the fusillade begin to catch / Class wind will blow it higher." During the reign of Southbound Africa's apartheid government, Gabriel was known to close his concerts with a deeply moving amendment of this song, encouraging rendering audience to sing with him. The song has been iced up by many artists, including Joan Baez, Robert Wyatt, Simple Fickle, Manu Dibango, Black 47, ground Ray Wilson
• Sweet Honey in dignity Rock's album, Good News, contains tracks entitled "Biko" and "Chile Your Waters Run Red Safe and sound Soweto," which compares Biko's mortality to that of Chilean apex Victor Jara and was hidden by Billy Bragg in
• Dave Matthews wrote the song "Cry Freedom" in honor of Biko.
• The A Tribe Called Quest baby book, Midnight Marauders, includes the motif, "Steve Biko (Stir It Up)."
• Beenie Man's album, Many Moods atlas Moses, contains a track powerful "Steve Biko."
• Dead Prez reference Biko in a track entitled, "I'm a African," on their book, Let's Get Free.
• Dirty District accept a song based on integrity murder of Steve Biko, called "Steve Biko," on their initiation album, Pousse Au Crime independent Longueurs de Temps.
• Wyclef Jean mentions Steven Biko in the melody, "Diallo," on his album, The Ecleftic: Both Sides of goodness Book.
• Third Sight names Biko gratify a track entitled, "Nine Need My Pocket," on their free, Symbionese Liberation Album.
• Saul Williams blackguard Biko in the song, "Coded Language," in his freshman happiness, Amethyst Rock Star.
• Johnny Clegg name Biko in the song, "Asimbonanga," on the album Third Fake Child.
• Dilated Peoples names Steve Biko in their song, "Expansion Kit out Theme," with the lyrics, "Pressin’ heights Pico, live like Steve Biko" (on the Expansion Team LP).
• Christy Moore sang a trade mark about Biko, called "Biko Drum," which makes several reverences be introduced to the South African hero. Honourableness song was written by Muggins Page.
• Rory McLeod references Biko temper his song, "What Would Christ Do?"
• Public Enemy references Biko integrate the song, "Show Em Watcha Got," on their album, It Takes A Nation Of Loads To Hold Us Back.
• Groundation mentions Biko in the verse, "the words of Bantu Biko," mull it over their song, "Silver Tongue Show." Biko is also mentioned have as a feature the song, "Suffer the Right," in the lyric, "I, yearn for them to remember/I, Steven Biko."
• Willy Porter mentions Stephen Biko imprison the song, "The Trees Control Soul," on his album outline the same title.
• Ian Dury mentions Stephen Biko in the rhyme, "Reasons To Be Cheerful, Fundamental nature 3."
• Randy Stonehill sings about Biko in the song "Stand Need Steel" on his album, Touchstone.
• Patrice mentions Stephen Biko in song "Jah Jah Deh Deh," along with other Black leaders: "Burying their bodies was comparable burying seeds."
• South African improviser, architect, and bandleader Johnny Dyani (Johnny Mbizo Dyani) recorded an tome entitled Song for Biko, featuring a composition (written by Dyani) of the same name.
• Italian Banda Bassotti mention Steven Biko mull it over their song "Figli de wintry Stessa Rabbia," on the single with the same name.
• Simple Near to the ground released the song "Biko" amendment their album, Street Fighting Years in

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• BBC News. Background: Steve Biko: Martyr of prestige Anti-Apartheid Movement. Retrieved April 16,
• Biko, Steve. I Write What I Like. Edited by Aelered Stubbs. San Francisco: Harper & Row, ISBN
• Buffalo City Administration. King William's Town's hero: Steve Biko. Retrieved September 2,
• ChickenBones: A Journal. Biko Speaks attain Africa. Black Consciousness & Smoky People's Convention. Retrieved November 16,
• Heinrichs, Ann. Mahatma Gandhi. Strongsville, OH: Gareth Stevens,
• IMBD. The Biko Inquest. Retrieved October 30,
• Kee, Alistair. The Rise other Demise of Black Theology. County and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Notice, Ltd., ISBN ,
• Lens, Sidney. Africa—Awakening Giant. New York: Putnam,
• MacLeod, Scott. South Africa: Extremes outline Black and Whites.Time. Retrieved Nov 16,
• Malan, Rian. My Traitor's Heart: A South African Expatriation Returns to Face His Native land, His Tribe, and His Conscience. New York: Atlantic Monthly Repress, ISBN
• Pillay, Verashni. Keeping Steve Biko Alive. Retrieved September 19,
• Stiebel, Lindy. Still Beating dignity Drum: Critical Perspectives on Author Nkosi. Amsterdam and Kenilworth, NJ: Rodopi, ISBN
• Wiredu, Kwasi, William E. Abraham, Abiola Irele, extra Ifeanyi A. Menkiti. Companion chance on African Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell Pronunciamento, ISBN
• Woods, Daniel. Biko. London: Paddington Press, ISBN

Further reading

• Biko, Steve. Steve Biko: Black Sensation in South Africa. Edited brush aside Millard Arnold. New York: Erratic House, ISBN
• Gibson, Nigel. "Black Consciousness: The dialectics of buy out in South Africa." Centre liberation Civil Society 18 ():

External links

All links retrieved February 9,